The Jilin area has been inhabited since ancient times, with the Goguryeo Kingdom (37 BC-668 AD) building fortifications on Longtan Mountain. During the Ming Dynasty, the area was known as Jilin Wula, a shipbuilding center for the imperial navy. The name "Jilin" is believed to derive from the Manchu phrase "Jilin Wula," meaning "along the river."
Under the Qing Dynasty, Jilin became the administrative center of the Manchu homeland in the Northeast. The city grew as a trading post and military garrison. In the late 19th century, the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway reached Jilin, spurring further development.
The 20th century brought industrialization, with Jilin becoming a major center for the chemical industry during the Japanese occupation and later under the People's Republic. The Fengman Dam, completed in 1937, was one of Asia's largest hydroelectric projects at the time.
Since the 1990s, Jilin has undergone economic transformation as state-owned enterprises restructured. Winter tourism centered on the Rime Ice phenomenon has emerged as a key industry, while the city has worked to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.